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The main assumptions of this theory are that personality is explained by innate sexual and aggression drives, there is also a vast importance of childhood experiences, especially the relationship with the parents, and of the unconscious mind.
The structural model states that the personality is like an iceberg with a small part above the water which symbolises the conscious mind and a large part underneath the water which symbolises the unconscious mind which is out of the persons awareness but may come out in dreams.
The topographical model states that there are three parts to your personality. The first part is the ID which develops when the child is 0-2 years old, this is called the pleasure principle as it is concerned with instant gratification, the EGO then develops from 3-5 years and this gives the child a sense of self and is called the reality principle as it keeps the ID in check. The SUPEREGO then develops from 5 years onwards it states that children learn through external reward and punishment but as the child gets older the punishment and reward become internalised and the child feels pride or guilt and shame, feelings of pride are called the EGO IDEAL and feelings of guilt are called the CONSCIENCE.
The developmental model of psychosexual stages is a critical stage theory, the first theory being the oral stage which occurs from 0-1 years and this is when all gratification is through the mouth, Freud says this is an innate instinct as babies are seen to suck their thumbs in the womb…before they are subject to environmental influences. The next stage is the anal stage, 1-3 years, this is the first chance the child has to be independent due to potty training, Freud notes that children are both scared and fascinated by their bodily functions and if they are scared it is sometimes pushed into the unconscious mind and be shown in dreams. The phallic stage occurs from 3-5 years and is said to be the first time children get sexual feelings and children begin sexual exploration of themselves and others. Boys go through the oedipal complex and girls go through the electra complex, boys are jealous of their father because they want to have a relationship with the mother and there is said to be some sexual element, girls do the same but with the father. This can then be resolved by identifying with the same sex parent. Gender identity, sexual orientation and moral sense all develop in this stage and if the child identifies with the same sex parent correctly the child should develop these properly. The latency stage then occurs at ages 6-12 and children at this age are not interested in sex but enjoy the company of their own gender, this is known as the time of rest before puberty. The last stage is the genital stage from 12 years upwards and this is the last developing stage before adulthood.
If a parent is absent, weak, neglecting, abusive or over/under gratifies then a child can get fixated at a stage and when under stress in adulthood they can often regress back to that stage. For example if an adult gets stuck at the oral stage they may be too trusting or too aggressive or as the stage is concerned with oral gratification they may become alcoholics or smokers.
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